Breastfeeding: A Lifelong Investment in Infant and Maternal Health

Breastfeeding remains one of the cornerstones of infant public health. Recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the safest and most complete nourishment during early life, its benefits extend well beyond disease prevention, supporting both the physical development of the infant and the emotional well-being of mothers. Indeed, breast milk has often been termed the infant’s “first vaccine” due to its powerful protection against illnesses such as diarrhoea and pneumonia World Health Organization+1.

Despite extensive campaigns, exclusive breastfeeding rates remain below desired levels. According to WHO data, only 48% of infants under six months worldwide are exclusively breastfed. The World Health Assembly target is 50% by 2025 and 60% by 2030 World Health Organization. UNICEF and WHO report that this figure reflects a 10-percentage-point increase over the past decade, indicating gradual but uneven progress UNICEFWorld Health Organization.

Benefits of Breastfeeding: Infant and Maternal Health

For the Infant:

• Supplies macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins), as well as essential vitamins, minerals, hormones, and antibodies—tailored to support growth and immunity.
• Protects against respiratory infections, diarrhoea, and ear infections (otitis).
• Can reduce the risk of childhood overweight by up to 12%.
• May enhance cognitive development—studies suggest potential IQ improvements of up to five points.

For the Mother:

• Lowers the risk of breast and ovarian cancer.
• Reduces incidence of postpartum hemorrhage, heart disease, and type 2 diabetes.
• Promotes hormonal balance, emotional well-being, and mother–infant bonding.

(Note: These clinical benefits are well-supported by WHO recommendations and related literature though the exact figures may vary slightly across studies.)

A correct breastfeeding technique makes the process more comfortable and effective for mother and baby, reducing risks of nipple damage, mastitis, or poor latch.

Recommended position and technique:

• Sit with a well-supported back, feet and arms stable.
• Use a pillow to elevate the baby to chest level, avoiding back strain.
• Hold the baby sideways, navel to mother’s body, with head, neck, and torso aligned; nose opposite the nipple.
• Gently touch the baby’s upper lip with the nipple until the mouth opens wide and seeks a deep latch.
• Ensure the baby’s mouth covers the areola, with the chin touching the breast and the lower lip turned outward.
• Observe a rhythmic, sustained suck and audible swallowing.
• If experiencing pain or noticing a shallow latch, gently remove and re-position the baby.
• Encourage skin-to-skin contact whenever possible—it triggers oxytocin release and strengthens bonding.

Even with proper technique, certain symptoms may require professional evaluation:

For the mother: severe pain, redness, breast hardening, fever, cracked nipples.
For the infant: inadequate weight gain, fewer wet diapers, irritability, lethargy, difficulty latching.

Experts recommend seeking medical or lactation consultant support if any of these signs appear. Moreover, strong family and caregiver support—through help with household tasks and emotional encouragement—can significantly reduce maternal stress and support milk production.

Professional Recommendations

1. Strengthen Breastfeeding Support Systems:
   • Integrate breastfeeding counselling into maternal and child healthcare visits.
   • Train perinatal healthcare providers (e.g. doctors, nurses, midwives) in breastfeeding support.
2. Target Vulnerable Communities:
   • Allocate resources to regions with elevated malnutrition and lower breastfeeding rates, like La Guajira, Chocó, Vichada.
   • Address socioeconomic and cultural barriers by offering culturally appropriate education and community-based programs.
3. Promote Family and Community Assistance:
   • Encourage family involvement to reduce maternal workload and emotional burden, thereby fostering better breastfeeding outcomes.
4. Implement Monitoring and Early Intervention:
   • Maintain robust surveillance of breastfeeding rates and malnutrition trends.
   • Monitor warning signs early and connect families to nutritional, medical, and lactation support.
5. Advance Public Awareness and Policy:
   • Public health campaigns should highlight breastfeeding’s immunological, developmental, cognitive, and economic benefits.
   • Advocate for policies supporting paid maternity leave, workplace accommodations, and funding for breastfeeding promotion.